GLP-1 agonists

GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g. liraglutide, semaglutide, dulaglutide) mimic the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1, stimulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon, slowing gastric emptying, and reducing appetite. Approved indications include type 2 diabetes and obesity; large trials demonstrate reduced cardiovascular events, now-approved kidney-disease risk reduction in type 2 diabetes with chronic kidney disease (semaglutide, FDA January 2025, FLOW trial), and investigational heart-failure symptom improvements in HFpEF. Longevity-relevant effects include weight loss, improved glycemia, and possible neuroinflammatory dampening. Off-label use purely for healthspan extension in metabolically healthy adults remains investigational.