M1/M2 macrophage polarization
DEM1/M2-Makrophagenpolarisierung
The M1/M2 framework describes two opposite 'modes' your macrophages can switch into. (Macrophages are immune cleanup cells.) M1 macrophages, called classically activated, are turned on by IFN-γ and LPS. They pump out pro-inflammatory signals like TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, and reactive oxygen species. M2 macrophages, called alternatively activated, are turned on mainly by IL-4 and IL-13 (and calmed by IL-10). They promote tissue repair, debris cleanup, and the resolution of inflammation. Keep in mind that this two-box model is a teaching simplification. Modern gene- and protein-level data show a whole continuum of macrophage states. They do not fit neatly into two poles. With age, tissue macrophages drift toward a dysregulated, inflamed baseline. That weakens the cleanup of acute inflammation. And it feeds the chronic, sterile inflammation behind 'inflammaging'.
Last reviewed:
This definition is educational and is not medical advice, a diagnosis, or treatment. Talk to a doctor about any health decisions. Read our full medical disclaimer